Financial Terms for The Nigerian Economy
May 1, 2019 by admin
Filed under Nigeria Stock Exchange
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) – A security that sells like a stock and invests in real estate directly, either through properties or mortgages. There are three types of REITs:
- Equity REITs: Invest in and own properties (thus responsible for the equity or value of their real estate assets). Their revenues come principally from their properties’ rents
- Mortgage REITs: Deal in investment and ownership of property mortgages. These REITs loan money for mortgages to owners of real estate, or purchase existing mortgages or mortgage-backed securities. Their revenues are generated primarily by the interest that they earn on the mortgage loans
- Hybrid REITs: Combine the investment strategies of equity
REITs and mortgage REITs by investing in both properties and mortgages
Receiving agent – Banks and stock broking
firms appointed by the issuing houses to serve as centers for the
distribution of offer application forms, as well as
for the receipt of subscription monies, on behalf of an issuing
house. Receiving agents charge a fee for the service they offer.
Receiving bank – Banks designated by an issuer to receive proceeds.
Registrar – An institution, usually a bank or a
trust company that is responsible for keeping records of shareholders
and bondholders. They ensure that the
amount of shares outstanding in the market matches the amount of
shares authorized by the company. For bonds, the registrar also makes
sure that the company’s obligation from a bond issue is certified as
being an actual legal obligation. They perform corporate actions for the
companies they represent, arrange general and extraordinary meetings,
distribute annual reports and notices of shareholders’ meetings, and
verify/reconcile investors’ claims with the depository of the CSCS.
Reporting accountants – Accounting firms which
provide independent assessments of issuer accounts. They also examine
and review forecasts, and prepare the issuer’s statement of
indebtedness, among other things.
Return on assets (ROA) – An indicator of how
profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA tells
investors how much profit a company generated for each N1 in assets. It
measures how effectively a company is converting the money it has to
invest (shareholders’ capital plus short and long-term borrowed funds)
into net income. It is considered the most stringent test of return to
shareholders. Companies such as telecommunication providers, car
manufacturers and railroads are very asset intensive, meaning they
require big, expensive machinery or equipment to generate a profit. It a
company has no debt, the ROA and ROE figures will be the same. ROA is
a company’s annual earnings divided by its total assets. It is
expressed as a percentage. Sometimes this is referred to as “return on
investment”. ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
Return on equity (ROE) – The amount of net
income returned as a percentage of shareholder equity. Return on equity
measures a company’s profitability by revealing how much profit a
company generates with the money shareholders have invested. More
simply, it shows how well a company uses investment funds to generate
earnings growth; how efficiently it uses its assets to produce earnings.
ROE is expressed as a percentage. It may be more meaningful to look at
ROE over a period of five years rather than one year. ROE = Net Income
/ Shareholder Equity Reverse stock split – A reduction in the number
of a company’s shares outstanding that increases the par
value of its stock or earnings per share (EPS).
Rights (or subscription rights or share purchase rights)
– When a company wants to raise additional capital, it may give
stockholders entitlement to purchase new
shares at a predetermined price (normally less than the current
market price) in proportion to the number of shares already owned.
Rights are issued only for a
short period of time, after which they expire. Failure to
exercise or sell rights is an actual loss to the stockholder. Rights
are a basic form of derivatives.
Risk – The chance that an investment’s actual return will be different than the expected return. With all investments there is an element of risk, desirable or undesirable. The basic definition for investment risk is deviation from an expected outcome. This can be either positive or negative.